Converting strings to bytes and vice versa

In VB6/VBA, use the StrConv function.

Dim abData() As Byte
Dim Str As String
Dim i As Long
Str = "Hello world!"
' Convert string to bytes
abData = StrConv(Str, vbFromUnicode)
For i = 0 To UBound(abData)
    Debug.Print Hex(abData(i)); "='" & Chr(abData(i)) & "'"
Next
' Convert bytes to string
Str = StrConv(abData, vbUnicode)
Debug.Print "'" & Str & "'"

48='H'
65='e'
6C='l'
6C='l'
6F='o'
20=' '
77='w'
6F='o'
72='r'
6C='l'
64='d'
21='!'
'Hello world!'

In VB.NET use System.Text.Encoding.

Dim abData() As Byte
Dim Str As String
Dim i As Long
Str = "Hello world!"
' Convert string to bytes
abData = System.Text.Encoding.Default.GetBytes(Str)
For i = 0 To UBound(abData)
    Console.WriteLine(Hex(abData(i)) & "='" & Chr(abData(i)) & "'")
Next
' Convert bytes to string
Str = System.Text.Encoding.Default.GetString(abData)
Console.WriteLine("'" & Str & "'")

You could be more explicit by replacing .Default with .GetEncoding(1252), and then use the appropriate code page for your character set (1252 is Western European).

In C#, use System.Text.Encoding, which has identical behaviour to the function in VB.NET.

byte[] abData;
string Str;
int i;
Str = "Hello world!";
// Convert string to bytes
abData = System.Text.Encoding.Default.GetBytes(Str);
for (i = 0; i < abData.Length; i++)
{
	Console.WriteLine("{0:X}", abData[i]);
}
// Convert bytes to string
Str = System.Text.Encoding.Default.GetString(abData);
Console.WriteLine("'{0}'", Str);

In C and C++, the distinction between a string and an array of bytes is often blurred. A string is a zero-terminated sequence of char types and bytes are stored in the unsigned char type. A string needs an extra character for the null terminating character; a byte array does not, but it needs its length to be stored in a separate variable.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

static void pr_hexbytes(const unsigned char *bytes, int nbytes)
/* Print bytes in hex format + newline */
{
   int i;
   for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++)
     printf("%02X ", bytes[i]);
   printf("\n");
}

int main()
{
   char szStr[] = "Hello world!";
   unsigned char *lpData;
   long nbytes;
   char *lpszCopy;

   /* Convert string to bytes */
   /* (a) simply re-cast */
   lpData = (unsigned char*)szStr;
   nbytes = strlen(szStr);
   pr_hexbytes(lpData, nbytes);

   /* (b) make a copy */
   lpData = malloc(nbytes);
   memcpy(lpData, (unsigned char*)szStr, nbytes);
   pr_hexbytes(lpData, nbytes);

   /* Convert bytes to a zero-terminated string */
   lpszCopy = malloc(nbytes + 1);
   memcpy(lpszCopy, lpData, nbytes);
   lpszCopy[nbytes] = '\0';
   printf("'%s'\n", lpszCopy);

   free(lpData);
   free(lpszCopy);

   return 0;
}

48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 77 6F 72 6C 64 21
48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 77 6F 72 6C 64 21
'Hello world!'

The types char and unsigned char might be identical on your system, or they might not be. We strongly recommend that you explictly distinguish between strings and byte arrays in your code by using the correct type and consistently treating them differently.

If your string is a Unicode string, then it consists of a sequence of wchar_t types. Converting wide-character strings to a sequence of bytes in C is more problematic. You can either convert the Unicode string directly to a string of bytes (in which case every second byte will be zero for US-ASCII characters), or use the stdlib wcstombs function or the Windows WideCharToMultiByte function to convert to a sequence of multi-byte characters (some will be one byte long, some two) and then convert the multi-byte string to bytes (you can do this with a simple cast). Each party encrypting and decrypting must agree on which way to do it.

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